Qt Signals And Slots Reference

Posted on 11/19/2019by admin

Signal And Slot In Qt
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Qt was created with the idea of removing this boilerplate code and providing a nice and clean syntax, and the signal and slots mechanism is the answer. Signals and slots Instead of having observable objects and observers, and registering them, Qt provides two high level concepts: signals and slots. Qt slots are statically defined as part of a C class. They are referenced using the QtCore.SLOT function. This method takes a single string argument that is the name of the slot and its C signature. This page describes the use of signals and slots in Qt for Python. The emphasis is on illustrating the use of so-called new-style signals and slots, although the traditional syntax is also given as a reference. The main goal of this new-style is to provide a more Pythonic syntax to Python programmers.

An overview of Qt’s signals and slots inter-object communication mechanism.

Nov 06, 2019 Now I get some errors when I am compiling my application with the new Qt version. I am sending signals from C and receive them in slots in QML. I am sending to parameters with these signals. Now I get a reference error, that is telling me that this variable (parameter of my signal) is not defined. ReferenceError: name is not defined. One of the key features of Qt is its use of signals and slots to communicate between objects. Their use encourages the development of reusable components. A signal is emitted when something of potential interest happens. A slot is a Python callable. In Qt, when emitting a signal that is connected to a slot or slots, it equates to a synchronous function call. Unless you've configured your signals and slots to use queued connections, then it is an asynchronous call and you should be careful when passing stack data and should pass a copy as if passing data to another thread.

Signals and slots are used for communication between objects. The signals and slots mechanism is a central feature of Qt and probably the part that differs most from the features provided by other frameworks. Signals and slots are made possible by Qt’s meta-object system .

Introduction¶

In GUI programming, when we change one widget, we often want another widget to be notified. More generally, we want objects of any kind to be able to communicate with one another. For example, if a user clicks a Close button, we probably want the window’s close() function to be called.

Other toolkits achieve this kind of communication using callbacks. A callback is a pointer to a function, so if you want a processing function to notify you about some event you pass a pointer to another function (the callback) to the processing function. The processing function then calls the callback when appropriate. While successful frameworks using this method do exist, callbacks can be unintuitive and may suffer from problems in ensuring the type-correctness of callback arguments.

Signals and Slots¶

In Qt, we have an alternative to the callback technique: We use signals and slots. A signal is emitted when a particular event occurs. Qt’s widgets have many predefined signals, but we can always subclass widgets to add our own signals to them. A slot is a function that is called in response to a particular signal. Qt’s widgets have many pre-defined slots, but it is common practice to subclass widgets and add your own slots so that you can handle the signals that you are interested in.

The signals and slots mechanism is type safe: The signature of a signal must match the signature of the receiving slot. (In fact a slot may have a shorter signature than the signal it receives because it can ignore extra arguments.) Since the signatures are compatible, the compiler can help us detect type mismatches when using the function pointer-based syntax. The string-based SIGNAL and SLOT syntax will detect type mismatches at runtime. Signals and slots are loosely coupled: A class which emits a signal neither knows nor cares which slots receive the signal. Qt’s signals and slots mechanism ensures that if you connect a signal to a slot, the slot will be called with the signal’s parameters at the right time. Signals and slots can take any number of arguments of any type. They are completely type safe.

All classes that inherit from QObject or one of its subclasses (e.g., QWidget ) can contain signals and slots. Signals are emitted by objects when they change their state in a way that may be interesting to other objects. This is all the object does to communicate. It does not know or care whether anything is receiving the signals it emits. This is true information encapsulation, and ensures that the object can be used as a software component.

Slots can be used for receiving signals, but they are also normal member functions. Just as an object does not know if anything receives its signals, a slot does not know if it has any signals connected to it. This ensures that truly independent components can be created with Qt.

You can connect as many signals as you want to a single slot, and a signal can be connected to as many slots as you need. It is even possible to connect a signal directly to another signal. (This will emit the second signal immediately whenever the first is emitted.)

Together, signals and slots make up a powerful component programming mechanism.

Signals¶

Signals are emitted by an object when its internal state has changed in some way that might be interesting to the object’s client or owner. Signals are public access functions and can be emitted from anywhere, but we recommend to only emit them from the class that defines the signal and its subclasses.

When a signal is emitted, the slots connected to it are usually executed immediately, just like a normal function call. When this happens, the signals and slots mechanism is totally independent of any GUI event loop. Execution of the code following the emit statement will occur once all slots have returned. The situation is slightly different when using queuedconnections ; in such a case, the code following the emit keyword will continue immediately, and the slots will be executed later.

If several slots are connected to one signal, the slots will be executed one after the other, in the order they have been connected, when the signal is emitted.

Signals are automatically generated by the moc and must not be implemented in the .cpp file. They can never have return types (i.e. use void ).

A note about arguments: Our experience shows that signals and slots are more reusable if they do not use special types. If valueChanged() were to use a special type such as the hypothetical QScrollBar::Range, it could only be connected to slots designed specifically for QScrollBar . Connecting different input widgets together would be impossible.

Slots¶

A slot is called when a signal connected to it is emitted. Slots are normal C++ functions and can be called normally; their only special feature is that signals can be connected to them.

Since slots are normal member functions, they follow the normal C++ rules when called directly. However, as slots, they can be invoked by any component, regardless of its access level, via a signal-slot connection. This means that a signal emitted from an instance of an arbitrary class can cause a private slot to be invoked in an instance of an unrelated class.

You can also define slots to be virtual, which we have found quite useful in practice.

Compared to callbacks, signals and slots are slightly slower because of the increased flexibility they provide, although the difference for real applications is insignificant. In general, emitting a signal that is connected to some slots, is approximately ten times slower than calling the receivers directly, with non-virtual function calls. This is the overhead required to locate the connection object, to safely iterate over all connections (i.e. checking that subsequent receivers have not been destroyed during the emission), and to marshall any parameters in a generic fashion. While ten non-virtual function calls may sound like a lot, it’s much less overhead than any new or delete operation, for example. As soon as you perform a string, vector or list operation that behind the scene requires new or delete , the signals and slots overhead is only responsible for a very small proportion of the complete function call costs. The same is true whenever you do a system call in a slot; or indirectly call more than ten functions. The simplicity and flexibility of the signals and slots mechanism is well worth the overhead, which your users won’t even notice.

Note that other libraries that define variables called signals or slots may cause compiler warnings and errors when compiled alongside a Qt-based application. To solve this problem, #undef the offending preprocessor symbol.

A Small Example¶

A minimal C++ class declaration might read:

A small QObject -based class might read:

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The QObject -based version has the same internal state, and provides public methods to access the state, but in addition it has support for component programming using signals and slots. This class can tell the outside world that its state has changed by emitting a signal, valueChanged() , and it has a slot which other objects can send signals to.

All classes that contain signals or slots must mention Q_OBJECT at the top of their declaration. They must also derive (directly or indirectly) from QObject .

Slots are implemented by the application programmer. Here is a possible implementation of the Counter::setValue() slot:

The emit line emits the signal valueChanged() from the object, with the new value as argument.

In the following code snippet, we create two Counter objects and connect the first object’s valueChanged() signal to the second object’s setValue() slot using connect() :

Calling a.setValue(12) makes a emit a valueChanged(12) signal, which b will receive in its setValue() slot, i.e. b.setValue(12) is called. Then b emits the same valueChanged() signal, but since no slot has been connected to b ‘s valueChanged() signal, the signal is ignored.

Note that the setValue() function sets the value and emits the signal only if value!=m_value . This prevents infinite looping in the case of cyclic connections (e.g., if b.valueChanged() were connected to a.setValue() ).

By default, for every connection you make, a signal is emitted; two signals are emitted for duplicate connections. You can break all of these connections with a single disconnect() call. If you pass the UniqueConnectiontype , the connection will only be made if it is not a duplicate. If there is already a duplicate (exact same signal to the exact same slot on the same objects), the connection will fail and connect will return false .

This example illustrates that objects can work together without needing to know any information about each other. To enable this, the objects only need to be connected together, and this can be achieved with some simple connect() function calls, or with uic’s automatic connections feature.

A Real Example¶

The following is an example of the header of a simple widget class without member functions. The purpose is to show how you can utilize signals and slots in your own applications.

LcdNumber inherits QObject , which has most of the signal-slot knowledge, via QFrame and QWidget . It is somewhat similar to the built-in QLCDNumber widget.

The Q_OBJECT macro is expanded by the preprocessor to declare several member functions that are implemented by the moc ; if you get compiler errors along the lines of “undefined reference to vtable for LcdNumber “, you have probably forgotten to run the moc or to include the moc output in the link command.

After the class constructor and public members, we declare the class signals . The LcdNumber class emits a signal, overflow() , when it is asked to show an impossible value.

If you don’t care about overflow, or you know that overflow cannot occur, you can ignore the overflow() signal, i.e. don’t connect it to any slot.

If on the other hand you want to call two different error functions when the number overflows, simply connect the signal to two different slots. Qt will call both (in the order they were connected).

A slot is a receiving function used to get information about state changes in other widgets. LcdNumber uses it, as the code above indicates, to set the displayed number. Since display() is part of the class’s interface with the rest of the program, the slot is public.

Several of the example programs connect the valueChanged() signal of a QScrollBar to the display() slot, so the LCD number continuously shows the value of the scroll bar.

Note that display() is overloaded; Qt will select the appropriate version when you connect a signal to the slot. With callbacks, you’d have to find five different names and keep track of the types yourself.

Signals And Slots With Default Arguments¶

The signatures of signals and slots may contain arguments, and the arguments can have default values. Consider destroyed() :

When a QObject is deleted, it emits this destroyed() signal. We want to catch this signal, wherever we might have a dangling reference to the deleted QObject , so we can clean it up. A suitable slot signature might be:

To connect the signal to the slot, we use connect() . There are several ways to connect signal and slots. The first is to use function pointers:

There are several advantages to using connect() with function pointers. First, it allows the compiler to check that the signal’s arguments are compatible with the slot’s arguments. Arguments can also be implicitly converted by the compiler, if needed.

You can also connect to functors or C++11 lambdas:

In both these cases, we provide this as context in the call to connect(). The context object provides information about in which thread the receiver should be executed. This is important, as providing the context ensures that the receiver is executed in the context thread.

The lambda will be disconnected when the sender or context is destroyed. You should take care that any objects used inside the functor are still alive when the signal is emitted.

The other way to connect a signal to a slot is to use connect() and the SIGNAL and SLOT macros. The rule about whether to include arguments or not in the SIGNAL() and SLOT() macros, if the arguments have default values, is that the signature passed to the SIGNAL() macro must not have fewer arguments than the signature passed to the SLOT() macro.

All of these would work:

But this one won’t work:

…because the slot will be expecting a QObject that the signal will not send. This connection will report a runtime error.

Note that signal and slot arguments are not checked by the compiler when using this connect() overload.

Advanced Signals and Slots Usage¶

For cases where you may require information on the sender of the signal, Qt provides the sender() function, which returns a pointer to the object that sent the signal.

Lambda expressions are a convenient way to pass custom arguments to a slot:

Using Qt with 3rd Party Signals and Slots¶

It is possible to use Qt with a 3rd party signal/slot mechanism. You can even use both mechanisms in the same project. Just add the following line to your qmake project (.pro) file.

It tells Qt not to define the moc keywords signals , slots , and emit , because these names will be used by a 3rd party library, e.g. Boost. Then to continue using Qt signals and slots with the no_keywords flag, simply replace all uses of the Qt moc keywords in your sources with the corresponding Qt macros Q_SIGNALS (or Q_SIGNAL ), Q_SLOTS (or Q_SLOT ), and Q_EMIT .

Signal And Slot In Qt

It is well understood and documented.
Any future changes to the C++ API should be easily included.

It also has a number of disadvantages.

It requires knowledge of the C++ types of signal arguments.
It is error prone in that if you mis-type the signal name or signature thenno exception is raised, either when the signal is connected or emitted.
It is verbose.
It is not Pythonic.

This older style of connecting signals and slots will continue to be supportedthroughout the life of PyQt4.

PyQt4 Signals and Qt Signals¶

Qt signals are statically defined as part of a C++ class. They are referencedusing the QtCore.SIGNAL() function. This method takes a single stringargument that is the name of the signal and its C++ signature. For example:

The returned value is normally passed to the QtCore.QObject.connect()method.

PyQt4 allows new signals to be defined dynamically. The act of emitting aPyQt4 signal implicitly defines it. PyQt4 signals are also referenced usingthe QtCore.SIGNAL() function.

Qt Signals And Slots Reference Guide

The `PyQt_PyObject` Signal Argument Type¶

It is possible to pass any Python object as a signal argument by specifyingPyQt_PyObject as the type of the argument in the signature. For example:

Qt signals and slots reference generator

While this would normally be used for passing objects like lists anddictionaries as signal arguments, it can be used for any Python type. Itsadvantage when passing, for example, an integer is that the normal conversionsfrom a Python object to a C++ integer and back again are not required.

The reference count of the object being passed is maintained automatically.There is no need for the emitter of a signal to keep a reference to the objectafter the call to QtCore.QObject.emit(), even if a connection is queued.

Short-circuit Signals¶

There is also a special form of a PyQt4 signal known as a short-circuit signal.Short-circut signals implicitly declare each argument as being of typePyQt_PyObject.

Short-circuit signals do not have a list of arguments or the surroundingparentheses.

Short-circuit signals may only be connected to slots that have been implementedin Python. They cannot be connected to Qt slots or the Python callables thatwrap Qt slots.

PyQt4 Slots and Qt Slots¶

Qt slots are statically defined as part of a C++ class. They are referencedusing the QtCore.SLOT() function. This method takes a single stringargument that is the name of the slot and its C++ signature. For example:

The returned value is normally passed to the QtCore.QObject.connect()method.

PyQt4 allows any Python callable to be used as a slot, not just Qt slots. Thisis done by simply referencing the callable. Because Qt slots are implementedas class methods they are also available as Python callables. Therefore it isnot usually necessary to use QtCore.SLOT() for Qt slots. However, doing sois more efficient as it avoids a conversion to Python and back to C++.

Qt allows a signal to be connected to a slot that requires fewer arguments thanthe signal passes. The extra arguments are quietly discarded. PyQt4 slots canbe used in the same way.

Qt Signals And Slots Reference Online

Note that when a slot is a Python callable its reference count is notincreased. This means that a class instance can be deleted without having toexplicitly disconnect any signals connected to its methods. However, if a slotis a lambda function or a partial function then its reference count isautomatically incremented to prevent it from being immediately garbagecollected.

Connecting Signals and Slots¶

Qt Signal Slot Reference

Connections between signals and slots (and other signals) are made using theQtCore.QObject.connect() method. For example:

Disconnecting signals works in exactly the same way using theQtCore.QObject.disconnect() method. However, not all the variations ofthat method are supported by PyQt4. Signals must be disconnected one at atime.

Qt Signals And Slots Example

Emitting Signals¶

Qt Signals And Slots Reference Free

Any instance of a class that is derived from the QtCore.QObject class canemit a signal using its emit() method. This takes a minimum of oneargument which is the signal. Any other arguments are passed to the connectedslots as the signal arguments. For example:

The `QtCore.pyqtSignature()` Decorator¶

Qt Signals And Slots Reference Page

The QtCore.pyqtSignature() serves the same purpose as thepyqtSlot() decorator but has a less Pythonic API.